The term Biometrics originated from two Greek words bios=”life” and metron = “measure”. Biometrics deals with the automated recognition of individuals based on their behavioural and physical characteristics. Mainly two types of Biometrics are there. Conventional Biometrics and Cognitive Biometrics.
Conventional Biometrics use only either physiological or behavioural characteristics. Physiological means “way the individual possesses” like the fingerprint, iris scan and behavioural means “way the individual behaves” like signature, voice. Cognitive Biometrics is the biometric traits detected during cognitive or emotional brain states. Cognitive biometrics based on the Measurement of signals directly or indirectly generated by “Way the individual thinks”.
Recognition systems are mainly classified into three fundamental classes, namely knowledge based, token based, and biometric based. A knowledge-based approach depends on “something you know” such as personal identification number (PIN), textual password. Token-based approaches are based on “something you have” such as smart card, passport. These two approaches have several drawbacks- tokens may be forgotten, lost, misplaced or stolen. The password can be guessed by an intruder or forgotten by an authenticated individual.
The third approach, Biometrics are based on “something you are” such as the fingerprint. Biometric uses physiological or behavioural features of an individual for recognition and it cannot be stolen or lost. Biometric techniques prevent unauthorized access to or fraudulent use of ATMs, Smart cards, Computer networks.
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